Sleep Habits
TitleMiscellaneous Sleep QuestionsStudyBCSCopyright InformationNot a copyrighted scalePurposeTo assess sleep quality and sleep durationType of MeasureCreated for studyDescriptionUsing a 5-point frequency scale, participants estimate how often they feel rested when they wake from sleep. Participants also provide the number of hours they typically sleep at night.ScalingHours of sleep: open-endedFrequency of feeling rested: 0=never, 1=almost never, 2=sometimes, 3=fairly often, 4=very often Number of Items2Items/Variables
PsychometricsNone available |
TitleThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)StudiesPCS1, PCS2, PMBC1, PCS31Copyright InformationPlease contact Dr. Daniel Buysse (buyssedj@upmc.edu) for permission to use this instrument.The entire scale, complete scoring instructions, and additional copyright information are available at the University of Pittsburgh Sleep Medicine Institute’s PSQI page. Primary ReferenceBuysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.PurposeTo assess typical sleep habits and subjective sleep quality.Type of MeasureThe established 24-item PSQI was administered in PCS1. Modified versions of the scale were administered in the subsequent three studies.PCS2, PMBCThe sleep questionnaires administered in PCS2 and PMBC included only select items from the PSQI (see Sample Items below), as well as additional items asking participants to estimate the number of minutes of sleep they typically lose during the night. A question about the frequency of naps taken during the day was added in PMBC because there is some evidence to suggest that daytime sleep may be a predictor of mortality. PCS3PCS3 included an 18-item version of the PSQI that excluded 1 item asking whether the participant has a sleep partner, and 5 items asking for evaluation of the participant’s sleep elicited from the sleep partner or a roommate. A further modification was that respondents were instructed to use the past 2 weeks as the reference period rather than the past month (as indicated in the original PSQI).DescriptionParticipants respond to questions about usual bed- and wake-times, subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, minutes of sleep lost during the night (PCS2, PMBC), frequencies of specific types of sleep disturbances (PCS1, PCS3), and frequency of having difficulty staying awake (PCS1, PMBC, PCS3). In PCS1, bed partners or roommates respond to items regarding the frequency with which they have observed participant sleep problems (e.g., snoring, restlessness). The reference period used in PCS1, PCS2, and PMBC was the past month (consistent with the original scale), and in PCS3, the past two weeks.ScalingThe PSQI is comprised of a mix of open- and closed-ended response items. All closed-ended items are rated using 4-point scales.Sleep quality: 0 = very good, 1 = fairly good, 2 = fairly bad, 3 = very bad. Problems keeping up enthusiasm: 0 = no problem, 1 = very slight problem, 2 = somewhat of a problem, 3 = very big problem. Frequency items: 0 = never, 1 = less than once a week, 2 = once or twice a week, 3 = three or more times a week. Number of Items24 (PCS1); 6 (PCS2); 8 (PMBC); 18 (PCS3)Sample ItemsIn addition to PSQI items 1, 2, 3, and 6, PCS2 and PMBC included the following two items:
Scoring/VariablesTotal time in bed: difference (minutes) between reported bed- and wake-times.Sleep latency: response to item asking for minutes needed to fall asleep Sleep lost (PCS2, PMBC): minutes lost due to waking up at night + minutes lost due to early wakening Sleep Duration:
Sleep Quality: response to item; higher values indicate poorer sleep. 1For additional sleep-related questions, see also Daily Interviews 2The distribution of sleep efficiency is typically very negatively skewed (i.e., toward more efficient sleep) and thus dichotomized at 80%. |