Thoughts on Hugs Predict Autism
Seeing how someone thinks about words such as "hug" and "adore" has helped Carnegie Mellon University researchers predict autism with 97 percent accuracy.
The newly created brain-reading techniques use neural representations of social thoughts. This establishes the first biologically based diagnostic tool that measures a person's thoughts to detect the disorder that affects many children and adults worldwide.
Published in PLoS ONE, the study combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and machine-learning techniques first developed at CMU that use brain activation patterns to scan and decode the contents of a person's thoughts from their brain activation patterns.
The previous work demonstrated that thoughts of specific objects or emotions have a very similar neural signature across normal individuals. These findings suggested that people with psychiatric disorders may display detectable alterations in the brain activation patterns evoked by the types of thoughts that are typically altered in the disorder.
The research team, led by CMU's Marcel Just, has successfully used this approach to identify autism by detecting changes in the way social concepts are represented in the brains of autistic individuals.
They call these alterations "thought-markers" because they indicate abnormalities in the brain representations of certain thoughts that are diagnostic of the disorder.
"We found that we could tell whether a person has autism or not by their brain activation patterns when they think about social concepts. This gives us a whole new perspective to understanding psychiatric illnesses and disorders," said Just, the D.O. Hebb University Professor of Psychology in the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences and a leading researcher into the neural basis of autism.
"We've shown not just that the brains of people with autism may be different, or that their activation is different, but that the way social thoughts are formed is different. We have discovered a biological thought-marker for autism."
For the study, Just and his colleagues scanned the brains of 17 adults with high-functioning autism and 17 neurotypical control participants. The participants were asked to think about 16 different social interactions, such as "persuade," "adore" and "hug."
The resulting brain images showed that the control participants' thoughts of social interaction clearly included activation indicating a representation of the "self," manifested in the brain's posterior midline regions.
However, the self-related activation was near absent in the autism group. Machine-learning algorithms classified individuals as autistic or non-autistic with 97 percent accuracy based on the fMRI thought-markers.
"When asked to think about persuading, hugging or adoring, the neurotypical participants put themselves into the thoughts; they were part of the interaction. For those with autism, the thought was more like considering a dictionary definition or watching a play — without self-involvement," Just said.
Implications of this research could extend to other psychiatric disorders, such as being suicidal or having obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which certain types of thoughts are altered.
By providing a brain-based measure of the altered thoughts to use in conjunction with clinical assessments, this new research could enable clinicians to make quicker and more certain diagnoses and more quickly implement targeted therapies that focus on the alteration.
"This is a potentially extremely valuable method that could not only complement current psychiatric assessment, it could identify psychiatric disorders not just by their symptoms but by the brain systems that are not functioning properly. It may eventually be possible to screen for psychiatric disorders using quantitative biological measures of thought that would test for a range of illnesses or disorders," Just said.
In addition to Just, the research team included CMU's Vladimir L. Cherkassky, Augusto Buchweitz, Timothy A. Keller and Tom M. Mitchell. The National Institute of Mental Health funded this research.
This work is part of CMU's BrainHub℠, a global initiative that focuses on how the structure and activity of the brain give rise to complex behaviors.
Related Links: Read press release | BrainHub | Carnegie Mellon Researchers Identify Emotions Based on Brain Activity | Identifying Autism from Neural Representations of Social Interactions: Neurocognitive Markers of Autism