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1Norris Kelly Smith, Frank Lloyd Wright; A Study in Architectural Content. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966), 10.







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2Mar’a de los Angeles Castro, "San Juan tras la fachada," Op. Cit. 1 (1985): 36.







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3Montgomery Schuyler, "Our Acquired Architecture," Architectural Record 9 (January 1900): 312.







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4Enrique Vivoni-Farage, "Americanization south of the border: the architecture of the sugar mills in southern Puerto Rico," paper read at the ACSA annual meeting, New Orleans, 1990.







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5Enrique Vivoni-Farage, "El Capitolio de Puerto Rico, 1907-1929: origen y transformaci—n de un ideal," Senado de Puerto Rico 1917-1992. Ensayos de historia institucional (San Juan: Senado de Puerto Rico, 1992), 51-102.







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6"Concurso para el Capitolio de Pto. Rico," La Democracia (April 27, 1908): 2.







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7 Frank Perkins, "The new Capitol of Porto Rico," Architectural Record 25 (April 1909): 273-274.







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8 Congressional Record, 56th Congress, 1st Session, March 8, 1900, 2642; as quoted in Ronald Fern‡ndez, The Disenchanted Island, Puerto Rico and the United States in the twentieth century (New York: Praeger, 1992), 2.







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9Daniel Boorstin and Brooks M. Kelly, A History of the United States (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1986), 408.







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10Antonin Nechodoma, "Architecture and Architects in Porto Rico," The Book of Porto Rico (San Juan: The Blue Book Publishing Co., 1923), 793.







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11A.D.F. Hamlin, The Modern School House (New York: The Swetland Publishing Co., 1910), plates 72-73.







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12R. Fern‡ndez, 88.







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13Truman Clark, Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917-1933. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), 39, 46.







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14See David Gebhard, "The Spanish Colonial Revival in Southern California (1895-1930)," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (May 1967): 131-137; and Rafael Crespo, "Florida's First Spanish Renaissance" (Doctoral Thesis, Harvard University, 1987).







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15Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair. Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), 128.







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16Rydell, 209.







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17Sylvester Baxter, "Porto Rico's New Capitol," Architectural Record 49 (February 1921): 179.







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18Ram—n Lavandero, "Causerie arquitect—nica," Puerto Rico Ilustrado (December 8, 1923): 24-26.







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19R. Fern‡ndez, 121-122.







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20During this period President Roosevelt appointed General Blanton Winship(Army) as Governor of Puerto Rico and later, Admiral William Leahy(Navy) as his successor.







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21The "ultramodern" style was introduced by Anton’n Nechodoma. He used Wright's Wasmuth portfolio as an architectural catalog to develop his designs. See Enrique Vivoni-Farage, ed., Anton’n Nechodoma: umbral para una nueva arquitectura caribe–a (San Juan: Museo Casa Roig y AACUPR, 1989).







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22George L. Holliday, "Resurgimiento de las modernas construcciones en Puerto Rico," Revista Econ—mica (June 1938): 7-35.







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23Charles T. Godsell, Administration of a Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 1.







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24Among these, Henry Klumb and Richard Neutra were the central figures.







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25Legislature of Puerto Rico, Laws of Puerto Rico (San Juan: Bureau of Supplies, Printing and Transportation, 1943), 382.







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26"Puerto Rico," The Architectural Forum (March 1945): 119-130. Henry Klumb Collection, AACUPR.







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27For an indepth analysis of this issue see Mary Frances Gallart, "Fomento de Puerto Rico: empleos e imagen," (unpublished research paper, 1993).







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28"Compa–’a de Fomento Industrial de Puerto Rico," Annual Report, 1948-1949 (San Juan: PRIDCO, 1949), 26.







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29Ibid.







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30Enrique Vivoni-Farage, "Deleite Tropical: Puerto Rico, el Caribe Hilton y arquitectura," El Nuevo D’a (September 16, 1989): 69-73.







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31These were The Office of Henry Klumb, Schimmelpfennig, Ruiz y Gonz‡lez and Toro, Ferrer y Torregrosa. These three firms were established in order to be able to participate in the competition.







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32David F. Ross, The Long Uphill Path (A Historical Study of Puerto Rico's Progress of Economic Development) (San Juan: Talleres Gr‡ficos Interamericanos, 1966), 103-104.







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33Interview with Pedro MŽndez, November 19, 1989.







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34Pedro Albizu Campos fustigated the government for the building of the Caribe Hilton in three of his speeches during 1948-1950. See Ivonne Acosta, La palabra como delito, los discursos que condenaron a Pedro Albizu Campos, 1948-1950 (R’o Piedras: Editorial Cultural, 1993), 141-142.







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35Carmen Reyes Padr—, "Cientos de invitados asistieron a la inauguraci—n del Hilton," El Mundo (December 12, 1949). Even Frank Lloyd Wright was invited to the inauguration; unfortunately he could not attend.







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36Henry Klumb as quoted in "Designs for the Tropics," Interiors (May 1962): 116. After directing the designs produced in the Committee of Design for Public Works, Henry Klumb remained in Puerto Rico where he practiced for 40 years. See Enrique Vivoni-Farage, "Architecture of Social Concern: The Work of Henry Klumb," paper presented at the Society of Architectural Historian annual meeting, Philadelphia, April 1994.